Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions Essay

Aim The aim of this experiment is to show that a reaction doesn’t have always 100% yield by reacting NaHCO3 and HCl and determining the amount of the products to calculate actual yield. Introduction A chemical reaction will be quantitative if one of the reactants is completely consumed. In this experiment sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid start a reaction. The formula of this reaction is below. NaHCO3 + HCl –> NaCl + H2O + CO2 Observations In this experiment, sodium bicarbonate is put in an evaporating dish and some amount of HCl is added in the dish and the reaction started. Bubbles are formed and CO2 gas is produced and the reaction started to make sound. There was also water vapor formed. White NaHCO3 started to turn into a colorless liquid after adding HCl. As the reaction takes place water is started to form. NaCl was dissolved in water, so salty water is heated to obtain NaCl. As the liquid is heated it turned into a yellowish color for a few seconds. Then it started bubbling and water vapor is formed. Raw Data: Trial # Mass of Dish+NaHCO3+Lid +- 0.1 (g) Mass of NaCl+Water+Dish+Lid +- 0.1 (g) Mass of NaCl+Dish+Lid +- 0.1 (g) 1 64.14 g. 72.16 g. 63.28 g. 2 65.14 g. 72.95 g. 63.91g. Mass of Evaporating Dish + Lid: 62.14 +-0.1 g Processed Data: Trial #1 64.14 – 62.14 = 2 g NaHCO3 72.16 – 62.14 = 10.02 g NaCl + H2O 63.28 – 62.14 = 1.14 g NaCl Trial # 2 65.14 – 62.14 = 3 g NaHCO3 72.95 – 62.14 = 10.81 g NaCl + H2O 63.91 – 62.14 = 2.07 g NaCl Trial # Mass of NaHCO3 (g) Mass of NaCl + H2O (g) Mass of NaCl (g) 1 2 g 10.02 g 1.14 g 2 3 g 10.81 g 1.77g Calculations Na: 14.01 g/mol, H: 1.01 g/mol, Cl: 35.45 g/mol, O: 16 g/mol, C: 12.01 g/mol NaCl= 49.46 g/mol H2O= 18.02 g/mol NaHCO3: 75.03 g/mol Mole number of NaHCO3 = mole number of NaCl Trial #1 2 / 73.03 = 0.0274 mol NaHCO3 1.14 / 49.46 = 0.0230 mol NaCl Theoretical Yield: 0.0274 mol NaCl Percent Yield: 0.0230 / 0.0274 = 0.8394 x 100 = 83.94% Trial #2 3 / 73.03 = 0.0411 mol NaHCO3 1.77 / 49.46 = 0.0358 mol NaCl Theoretical Yield: 0.0411 mol NaCl Percent Yield: 0.0358 / 0.0411 = 0.8710 x 100 = 87.10% Conclusion The results are 83.94% for trial #1 and 87.10% for trial #2. Trial #2 is more accurate. The accepted value is 100%. The percentage errors are 16.06% for trial #1 and 12.90% for trial #2. The uncertainties are too small to calculate on the results. Random errors presented in this experiment. All the errors were done by human beings. There weren’t any errors due to a flaw of a machine or the procedure. Evaluation When salty water is heated on the first trial, the substance started to spill around, because the substance is heated with high amount of heat and faster than it should be. As a result, some of the NaCl which stuck on the lid and spilled around was lost, so the result of the first experiment is not accurate. Other reasons that changed the results may be all NaHCO3 may not be dissolved. Too much HCl may be added on the dish. There may be still water molecules left on the salt after heating. To get more accurate results, the experiment should be done more slowly than this experiment. Especially the heating process should be done slowly, so the evaporation can be observed more carefully.

Earth Science

1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. The 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earth’s age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earth’s age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough method and ended up being wrong on both counts because he was unaware of the existence and effects of radiation. There was another method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of rock layers. Ensuring that unconformities were accounted for, that fossils we re used as benchmarks, and understanding what rocks are older than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive decay of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, relatively stable environment within which we exist and survive? Review the early development of the solar system, including the Big Bang theory, to support your answer. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. Soon after the Big Bang, energy began converting into matter.Large clouds of this matter began attracting to other particles which formed everything, including our Solar Systems. The beginning of the Solar System started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. Gravity acted on the cloud, drawing it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have cau sed the Solar System to shrink and rotate as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the spin would have gotten faster and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun.The 1% of the mass in our Solar System that didn’t get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Sun’s equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifu gal force. Because scientists of the time couldn’t believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have started together because a rock didn’t swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. Include in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. Like having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound waves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmer rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its way to the surface of the Earth whic h shifts the plates at the weak points.This moves those plates with sometime violent and dangerous results. The plates â€Å"ride† on more unstable parts of the Earth’s asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be moved downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics determine the motions that result in the formation of mountains and oceans. 1st law: Energy can be moved from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the Universe; including mountains and oceans. nd Law: Energy of an object at the initial state is greater than then energy of that object at any other time; provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the conveyer belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are washed to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the se a (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that will sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008. Earth Science In reading article â€Å"The Origin of Old-Earth Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century† by Dr. Terry Mortenson, it had some very interesting point of views about the Earth's geology. Dr. Mortenson touched basis on how the geology was debated by different groups, Christian and non Christian scientists and what their beliefs are concerning how the universe was created. Summary This article basically informs the readers of the contents of the old earth geology theory. The debate that Dr.  Mortenson discusses in this article has been around for some time, but many people do not know that it exist. The repercussions of this article is shown throughout this whole debate, basically because the theories does not consider God as the creator of the universe. From the â€Å"new Theories about the History of Creation†, during the 18th century, the French scientists concluded that the earth evolution was the result of a collision between the sun and a comet. D uring the 19 century, the Scriptural Geologist believed in the biblical account of the â€Å"six day creation†.These four Scottish men were of strong Christian faith and Journal Article Review 3 respected character. Because Christianity played a strong role in how and why people believed. This is probably why the old earth theory was in such a great debate. Strengths of the Article Dr. Terry Mortenson explained each of the theories to give a basic understanding of each and how it was created. When describing each one, he gave important characteristics and names of people that was generated through refined research.Each of these theories were explained with definition. Weaknesses of the Article The article's weaknesses are shows that even though there are different earth evolution theories, each one seem to not have a conclusion to fully explain earth's evolution. Conclusion The Bible is the true and only source that can explain the beginning of time in God's theory. Since man was not created â€Å"In the beginning†, he may never be able to have a theory of how time begun. God's evolution of time, space, and living beings will remain mysterious. It may never be reveal. Earth Science 1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity. Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B. C. E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. The 18th and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earth’s age.In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earth’s age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough method and ended up being wrong on both counts because he was unaware of the existence and effects of radiation. There was another method of aging the Earth utilizing the relative positions of rock layers. Ensuring that unconformities were accounted for, that fossils we re used as benchmarks, and understanding what rocks are older than others, this relative aging helped to develop a geologic time scale.The discovery of radioactivity allowed scientists to understand heat better. The radioactive decay of elements helps scientists calculate the age of an object by using the statistics of large numbers. 2. What makes Earth a habitable, relatively stable environment within which we exist and survive? Review the early development of the solar system, including the Big Bang theory, to support your answer. At the time of the Big Bang, an unimaginable cataclysm released helium and hydrogen. Soon after the Big Bang, energy began converting into matter.Large clouds of this matter began attracting to other particles which formed everything, including our Solar Systems. The beginning of the Solar System started with a cloud of gas, dust, and ice particles. Gravity acted on the cloud, drawing it into itself and reducing its volume. This occurrence would have cau sed the Solar System to shrink and rotate as it was drawn into itself. Due to angular momentum, the spin would have gotten faster and faster over time. Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun.The 1% of the mass in our Solar System that didn’t get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them with the Sun’s equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System. 3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)? He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist.With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal pull from the Sun or centrifu gal force. Because scientists of the time couldn’t believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have started together because a rock didn’t swim to its new location. . Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening on Earth. Include in your answer a discussion of plate tectonics and sea-floor spreading. Like having an MRI of your brain, seismic tomography allows scientists to see the results that sound waves report when they bounce back from colder rock and warmer rock. This report shoes the convection of heat and rock that is occurring inside the Earth. This convection makes its way to the surface of the Earth whic h shifts the plates at the weak points.This moves those plates with sometime violent and dangerous results. The plates â€Å"ride† on more unstable parts of the Earth’s asthenosphere. The subduction zones allow rock to be moved downward as warmer rock moves up. 5. Explain how the laws of thermodynamics determine the motions that result in the formation of mountains and oceans. 1st law: Energy can be moved from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. This allowed for matter to be created from energy which was a preamble to the creation of the Solar System and most of the Universe; including mountains and oceans. nd Law: Energy of an object at the initial state is greater than then energy of that object at any other time; provided no new energy is introduced to the object. This law is the reason the conveyer belt theory works. Rocks on the mountains are washed to sea by water that was evaporated from the oceans to create rain which runs back out to the se a (carrying rock) to the subduction zones that will sink to the core which will heat the rock which will move to the colder area (the surface of the planet) causing a violent movement which pushes plates into each other creating more mountains. Lecture, Michael Wysession, 2008.

Banduras social learning theory Essay Example for Free

Banduras social learning theory Essay Learning theory (33) , Social learning theory (19) , Control theory (12) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Our study is based on the theory of operant conditioning and Bandura’s social learning theory. Operant conditioning states that learning happens through association, and we believe that car advertises are trying to make their target population associate buying their car with a desired characteristic/traits/lifestyles e.g. having a lot of female attention. Skinner described the ABC model of operant conditioning, which includes an antecedent, behaviour and a consequence. Bandura for his theory stated that learning can only occur if the four criteria (attention, retention, reproduction and motivation) were met. From looking at YouTube adverts we found that smaller cars had a tendency to have more feminine themes whereas larger cars tended to have more masculine themes.  Aim  To whether there is a difference between gender and the size of cars they drive.  Alternative Hypothesis:  Males will have a higher tendency to drive large cars while females will have a higher tendency to drive smaller cars  Null Hypothesis:  There will be no difference in gender and the size of the car they drive, and any difference will be due to chance. METHOD:  Design:  This is an independent group design and a quasi experiment as each participant can only be in either the male or the female category. We will gather our data by tallying, as our study will only include nominal data. This is useful as tallying is easy to analyse and draw up conclusions from. We are only looking at the gender of the driver and the type/size of their cars, so our data is quantitative. This is a non-participant naturalistic overt observation. Seeing as our results are nominal, this is an independent group design and the hypothesis predicts a difference. We will try our best to operationalise our variables by tallying the cars for the same period of time and by collecting data in different locations throughout Maidstone. Our IV will be the gender and how dependent variable (DV) will be the size of the cars. To make it easier to see the driver or the car, we will be collecting our data by a set of traffic lights, and tallying in the correct sections.  Participants  All of our participants will be over 17, as this is the legal minimum driving age. We will be using opportunity sampling as only those driving at the time of the study will take part in the study. Apparatus  Pen, paper and clipboard   Procedure  1. A table was draw up to collect results in (a copy can be found in appendix)  2. Researchers decided time and place of when they will be getting results  3. Researches went to location, stood by the nearest traffic light and collect results  4. Next lesson, the results were pooled  5. Adjustments were made  6. Carried out inertial test using chi-squared test  Control:  Pilot study was not to include family and sports cars as they are marketed differently and tend to be gender neutral. We increased our ecological validity by carrying out the experiment in different places in Maidstone. We followed most of the ethical guidelines by: ensuring that no participants were harmed physically or psychology and that the results were anonymous. Participants were not given fully-informed consent and were not debriefed as this would be too time consuming, but if a participant was to ask about our study they would have been told the true aim of the study and having their results omitted if they want to.We will accept our null hypothesis and reject our alternative hypothesis because our observed value (1.34) of chi-squared is lower than the critical value(3.841) and this means our results aren’t significant. Therefore the probability of our results being due to chance equal p

'Power Point Project of ENGINEERING CLASS Essay

'Power Point Project of ENGINEERING CLASS - Essay Example As I look back on the memorable notes of that event, I noticed how some points expressed the excitement I felt particularly towards the last part of the game. Watching the replay of the 10th round’s highlight. Even the commentator bellowed â€Å"boom!† on one solid hit by P. Referee checked T’s wounds at 1:40 into the game but he did not stop the fight. Bell signals the end of round 11 and the crowd is going crazy. Final round! My hands are sweaty from excitement! P was sure easing off on T. T is really bleeding bad and no one is stopping the game! No one needs any tabulation of points. Everybody knows who is the winner! P!!! Replay of highlights. T needs hospitalization..FAST! According to Adler, momentum is a process involving style, effort, speed, intensity, and success (14). As I look back on that day, I realized some of these processes happened not only in the game itself, but also to me personally, right there on the chair as I sit and watch. The match star ted with me thinking it will be an uneventful first part of the fight, but one forceful jab sent me sitting up straight on the chair and the crowd in the arena howling their first in-game cheers. It happened so quickly that all I hear was the screaming crowd and the commentators trying to raise their voices above the noise. The scene kept on, with P throwing several jabs, yet landing a few. Every time T starts to back-up and stalk P around the ring, P throws a couple of his famous three-punch combination. The rise of the momentum for P happened so fast it literally made my heartbeat race with excitement. The attacks, back steps, and forward lunges were all done with swift poise and exactness I can almost imagine P being so sure he could knock T out any minute. I could say there was a steady rise of momentum right from the first round, and it was so contagious it was sent to where I was sitting, through the screen, from the boxing arena. T tried hard to match P’s momentum, or even dissuade it with his own series of punches and alert defense. T was surely able to land a few jabs on P, albeit deterring P’s movements, but only for a short while. These are momentum breakers (Adler and Scott 93), but unfortunately, since P started the activity so well and received â€Å"early positive feedback† (Adler and Scott 14), he was able to continue building up what he started early on in the match. Looking back on the first round, P was able to gain momentum immediately (Adler and Scott 78) that made it hard for T to counter it right after. In T’s attacks, one can feel his sedateness occasionally with the not-so-intense jabs that he threw at P during the next several minutes of the match (Adler and Scott 15). This was even made more obvious during the fourth round, when more powerful, unanswered punches gave the audience a view of a bleeding T. From there, I sensed another momentum breaker, unfortunately, for T’s momentum, which apparently has not even reached its peak yet. Adler mentioned that a momentum is largely dependent on the actor’s thoughts and feelings towards the situation (15). If this is the case, then T’s situation was not that hopeful to start with, as this could cause him to step back and assess the situation, which would have been another momentum breaker for him (Adler and Scott 93). By the middle part of the match, my hands were already clammy with cold sweat. I did not

Introduction of ICT Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction of ICT Industry - Assignment Example 1). As such, it can be observed that the phenomenal growth of ICT especially the internet has dramatically revolutionised the business landscape across the whole globe (Cloete, 2001). The advent of the internet has resulted in a boom of e-business activities between individuals as well as other organisations. This is commonly referred to as e-commerce where a range of online business activities for products and services are carried out (Andam, 2003). ICT supports online business which has significantly gained prominence during the recent years. It can also be seen that there have been various global changes in the ICT industry. For instance, Andam (2003) posits to the effect that developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies have resulted in the narrowing of distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size. The â€Å"International Data Corp (IDC) estimates the value of global e-commerce in 2000 at US$350.38 billio n and was projected to climb to as high as US$3.14 trillion by 2004,† (Andam, 2003, p.6). This major change in the global ICT industry is mainly attributed to the fact that information and communication technology is used to enhance one’s business where computer mediated network is used. Governments and businesses across the globe are investing heavily in the ICT sector in order to keep pace with the global changes in this particular industry. New Brunswick’s ICT sector is mainly comprised of organizations that deal with information technology (IT) services and products, telecommunications and interactive digital media (New Brunswick Information & Communications Technology Sector Strategy 2012-2016, n.d). In terms of local changes in IT, it can be seen that growth has been spurred by the following factors: Strong consumer demand for applications for mobile devices, increased productivity, privacy, integration of supply chains, emergence of affordable broadband as well as rapid pace of technological change. These factors have contributed to the changes in the IT sector. The New â€Å"Brunswick’s ICT sector is regarded as a major contributor to the economy, directly employing approximately 8,000 people and generating close to $875 million in Gross Domestic Product (2002$), close to four per cent of the provincial total in 2011,† (New Brunswick Information & Communications Technology Sector Strategy 2012-2016, n.d). The major changes that have been witnessed in this sector are related to its growth. It is expected that the industry grew at an average rate of two per cent since 2006, compared to the average of 1.3 per cent for all sectors. This shows that there have been major strides in the development of this particular industry compared to other industries in the province. The other major notable change is that it offers 100% broadband coverage which is by far a larger development compared to other regions across the whole glob e. With regards to investment, it can be seen that the province has also made efforts to attract investors to develop in this very important sector in as far as business development and growth are concerned. For instance, quite a number of marquee companies in the ICT sector have established operations in the province according to the New Brunswick Information & Communications Technology Sector Strategy 2012-2016.This development has helped the province to increase its visibility as a

Man of stone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Man of stone - Essay Example When he takes his strolling across the poor district, his trait comes out clearly as he is able to notice how the level of poverty has heated the province. The way he describe the women, children and men brings out the real state that is on the ground. Although through his observation he is unable to impact the society, he uses other means like pen and paper to express the status of the society. He says, ‘I have managed to lose valuable time. Pull my long abandoned paper out of drawer. And since then the world has not blown away ((Sonzogni & Marco, 180). This is evidently that the author is talking about the war of against poverty. He compares the two gentlemen; the smothered man in officer’s boots symbolizes poor hygiene that can make someone to suffocate and the owner of prosperous bar who used to call his, ’Brother ,brother’ .Probably the owner of prosperous bar was once a beggar who wanted to comfort himself with the author because they had common background of poverty Through the analysis of the story, the main theme of poverty is being focused by the author. He takes his long afternoon visiting the poorest of his city during his summer time. During his visit, the author reveal how depth the poverty has engulf his district and how the women and children lives have been diver stated by poverty. â€Å"I watch the peasant woman squatting near their wares against the wall of bombed out houses, the dirty children running between the puddles chasing rag ball and the dust covered sweaty work men who work from dawn till dusk hummer at trolley bus rail along deserted street† Describe the clothes of the peasant trader women as smelly. This shows how this society is struggling to make their life to become better (Sonzogni & Marco, 179). Immorality is another theme that the author is trying to bring out in this society. Most of the women are trying

Web Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Web Information System - Essay Example AJAX and ActionScript are both popular technologies for developing asynchronous web applications. However, programmers often argue about one technology being superior to the other and therefore, questions like, which technology is better and why, or pros and cons of both technologies, have been highly debated in last few years. This research debates on this similar issue and for sake of clarity, I put forward the exact question that says: describe and compare the AJAX technology for building asynchronous applications for the Web with another similar technology - i.e., ActionScript? AJAX, an acronym for ‘Asynchronous JavaScript and XML’, describes the usage of various existing Web technologies, such as, HTML, JavaScript, XML and many more, to create web applications which can communicate with the server asynchronously to fetch only the relevant part of data required to update the page in response to the submitted user actions (Powell, 2008). ActionScript, a part of Flex framework, is a strongly typed ECMA complaint scripting language for building robust RIAs (Rich Internet Applications) that delivers immersive experiences and provides great interactivity and user engagement similar to Ajax-style applications (Franco, 2008). In his paper, Flex vs. AJAX: Friends or Foes?, Franco (2008) has presented a comprehensive comparison of the important features of AJAX frameworks with ActionScript in the form of matrix as mentioned below: Both technologies have their own benefits and limitations, and honestly speaking, it is very difficult to decide when to use what technology. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the developer to fit in the right technology after figuring out the problem to be solved. AJAX is mostly used by organizations to improve and modify their existing online applications incrementally, while, ActionScript is considered ideal for large-scale deployments where scalability, user experience, and performance are the highest

Critical Thinking Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking Analysis - Assignment Example They have used nutritious attractive palatable words to our ears that if not verified using high definition quality glasses then the society may consequently end up with skewed information. These vindications should be filtered in the screens of truth with voices of reasons to come up with authentic information rather than assertions without evidences (Bowers & Ramalho, 2010). It is prudent to understand that as much as the graduate programs should be aligned to skills that develop human person holistically, authentic leadership is a vital ingredient to any form of leadership. It spices leadership to unimaginable heights. To inculcate authentic leadership, one needs to examine his or her internal compass (George, Sims & Gergen, 2013).Those intuitions that drive an individual to determine what is wrong and right and despite influence from the external surrounding they stand firm and unshaken in terms their values. True self evaluation pulls individual towards leadership. Furthermore, those who are driven by the desire to propagate the above inclination have always believed that their generation was much better than the succeeding generations. For this reason, they don’t factor in the changes and dynamics of evolution that have taken place from there generations. The climates of trends that are emerging every minute in our society today are clear man ifestation that changes are eminent. Understandable the most startling thing in life is change. They have failed to acknowledge change as time flies at incredible speed (Houser & Oman, 2011). Signature pedagogy is described in the articles as one of the daunting challenges to professional education where if inculcated then one can think with them. As much this is real, it should be noted that this signature deludes professionals who are not welcome to diversity and dynamics of societal issues. They are normally unable to

Louke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Louke - Essay Example at, albeit men are naturally born free and equal, they cannot regarded as equal until they have acquired freedom, that is reaching adulthood and maturity and being reasonable enough to understand what freedom is to become an equal. The modern mind can grasp the essense of Locke’s reasoning in his treatise about Paternal Power (except for his language which is quite tenacious) because it relates how a modern family works. Everybody is born free but the child, even born as a free person, still cannot take care of himself and therefore, has to be under the custody of parents to be nourished, care, support and educate until the child reaches maturity and capable of living his or her own life. Meanwhile, the child owe respect and honor to his or her parents. It has to be understood that for Locke, the ultimate good is reason and therefore, man and society should strive to become reasonable. The treatise of John Locke’s Paternal Power began by first arguing that children are born into this state of natural freedom and equality but have not yet developed their faculties to become rationale and thus, cannot effectively dispense or practice such freedom and equality. For Locke, children can only exercise their natural freedom, that is to the freedom to choose without the restraint or imposition of another and to reasonably exercise freedom, when they reach their adulthood and maturity of which he suggested the age of 21. Until then, the child has to be under the parents custody where parents can exercise parental power over the child until the child can take care of his or her own. Such that when children have not yet reach this maturity to become rational to exercise freedom, they have to be under the care, guidance and protection of their parents. They may have been born as equals but until they have acquire their freedom, they cannot be an equal. In is important to stress that for Locke, the mother and father holds equal responsibility in parenting and

Is there a public sphere online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Is there a public sphere online - Essay Example ntensive discussion about the role of the Internet in Habermas’ schema of the public sphere was launched in the early 1990s and continues up to now. The emergence and rapid development of the electronic mass media has seriously influenced the public sphere. Some of the changes that have occurred to the public sphere make many contemporary scholars question the applicability of this concept to the cyberspace. This study intends to identify the most critical limitations of the original Habermasian concept and point out the complexity and huge implications of the public sphere approach for the cyberspace. Habermas introduced the concept of the public sphere in his book, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere – An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society published in 1962. Through the book, Habermas provides a detailed historical and sociological account of what he called ‘the bourgeois public sphere’. The German term Ãâ€"ffentlichkeit (Public Sphere) the sociologist used in the original variant of his book encapsulates a wide range of different meanings, but in its essence the public sphere is a spatial concept that relates to the social sites or scenes where people create, distribute, and negotiate meanings which ultimately transform into public opinion. Habermas (1989) describes the public sphere as â€Å"†¦a network for communicating information and points of view†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.15). However, Negt and Kluge (1993) better reflect the essence of this concept in the following definition: â€Å"The public sphere denotes specific institutions, agencies, practices; however, it is also a general social horizon of experience in which everything that is actually or seemingly relevant for all members of society is integrated. Understood in the sense, the public sphere is a matter for a handful of professionals (e.g., politicians, editors, union officials) on the one hand, but, on the other, it is something that concerns everyone and that realises itself only in

Web 2.0. The second generation of the World Wide Web Essay Example for Free

Web 2.0. The second generation of the World Wide Web Essay Web 2. 0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online. Web 2. 0 basically refers to the transition from static HTML Web pages to a more dynamic Web that is more organized and is based on serving Web applications to users. Other improved functionality of Web 2. 0 includes open communication with an emphasis on Web-based communities of users, and more open sharing of information. Over time Web 2. 0 has been used more as a marketing term than a computer-science-based term. Blogs, wikis, and Web services are all seen as components of Web 2. 0. Web 2. 0 was previously used as a synonym for Semantic Web, but while the two are similar, they do not share precisely the same meaning What is Web 2. 0 technology? Web 2. 0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and applications that allow anyone to create and share online information or material they have created. A key element of the technology is that it allows people to create, share, collaborate communicate. Web 2. 0 differs from other types of websites as it does not require any web design or publishing skills to participate, making it easy for people to create and publish or communicate their work to the world. The nature of this technology makes it an easy and popular way to communicate information to either a select group of people or to a much wider audience. The University can make use of these tools to communicate with students, staff and the wider academic community. It can also be an effective way to communicate and interact with students and research colleagues. There are number of different types of web 2. 0 applications including wikis, blogs, social networking, folksonomies, podcasting content hosting services. Many of the most popular websites are Web 2. 0 sites such as Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, MySpace, Flickr. Web 2. 0 (or Web 2) is the popular term for advanced Internet technology and applications including blogs, wikis, RSS and social bookmarking. The two major components of Web 2. are the technological advances enabled by Ajax and other new applications such as RSS and Eclipse and the user empowerment that they support Tim OReilly is generally credited with inventing the term, following a conference dealing with next-generation Web concepts and issues held by OReilly Media and MediaLive International in 2004. OReilly Media has subsequently been energetic about trying to copyright Web 2. 0 and holds an annual conference of the same name. There is, however, some dispute about whether OReilly is responsible for the original coinage. Joe Firmage, for instance, used Web 2. 0 to describe using the World Wide Web as a platform in 2003. One of the most significant differences between Web 2. 0 and the traditional World Wide Web (retroactively referred to as Web 1. 0) is greater collaboration among Internet users and other users, content providers, and enterprises. Originally, data was posted on Web sites, and users simply viewed or downloaded the content. Increasingly, users have more input into the nature and scope of Web content and in some cases exert real-time control over it. For example, multiple-vendor online book outlets such as BookFinder4U make it possible for users to upload book reviews as well as find rare and out-of-print books at a minimum price, and dynamic encyclopedias such as Wikipedia allow users to create and edit the content of a worldwide information database in multiple languages. Internet forums have become more extensive and led to the proliferation of blogging. The dissemination of news evolved into RSS. There is no clear-cut demarcation between Web 2. 0 and Web 1. 0 technologies, hardware and applications. The distinction is, to a large extent, subjective. Here are a few characteristics often noted as descriptive of Web 2. 0: * blogging * Ajax and other new technologies * Google Base and other free Web services * RSS-generated syndication * social bookmarking * mash-ups * wikis and other collaborative applications * dynamic as opposed to static site content * interactive encyclopedias and dictionaries * ease of data creation, modification or deletion by individual users * advanced gaming. Critics of Web 2. 0 maintain that it makes it too easy for the average person to affect online content and that, as a result, the credibility, ethics and even legality of Web content could suffer. Defenders of Web 2. 0 point out that these problems have existed ever since the infancy of the medium and that the alternative widespread censorship based on ill-defined elitism would be far worse. The final judgment concerning any Web content, say the defenders, should be made by end users alone. Web 2. 0 reflects evolution in that direction. Some industry pundits are already claiming that Web 2. 0 is merely a transitional phase between the early days of the World Wide Webs existence and a more established phase theyre calling Web 3. 0.

Product Market Analysis Essay Example for Free

Product Market Analysis Essay In 1873, Adolph Coors and Jacob Schueler, both German immigrants established Golden, Colorado brewery. In 1880, Coors bought out his partner and became the sole owner of Coors Brewing Company. Today Molson Coors Brewing Company is the third largest brewing company in the United States (Molson Coors, 2013). In 1990, Coors Brewing introduced Coors Rocky Mountain Spring Water. The product was short lived and was taken off the market in 1992 after only two years. There are a few problems with the marketing and advertising of this product. To remarket this product I would start with the use of various types of media communication. Television, radio, magazine, and other social media outlets would be take advantage of. Television and radio commercials will be broadcast during sporting event on the major sports networks. The focus on the sports and outdoor community will be the main target. The Coors Company did not target these markets with their product. Magazines advertisements will be added to outdoor and sporting magazines. The product will be advertised on social Medias such as Facebook and Twitter. Facebook also gives the option of paying for more advertisement. This can triple the products reach more than 1000 different views a day. The advertisement for this product was limited to television and magazines. The problem with the television is that Coors was tried to target their beer drinking customer. The times the commercials were aired were during the same times that beer commercials. The customer base that they were reaching limited the exposure. That consumer base is not interested in the Rocky Mountain Spring Water unless is has the rest of the ingredients in it. The big issue that this product has is in the name. Coors Rocky Mountain Spring Water makes you think of the alcoholic beverages that they are known for. This alone discouraged those who do not drink or those too young to drink. In 1987, the average person would consume 4.5 gallons of bottled water per year. That grew in 1997 to 12.7 gallons per person. There an no reason why with that much increase in the consumption of bottled water this product did  not take off (Natural Resource Defense Council, 2013). This product has a simple fix. First, it is important that we change the name of the product. At the least drop the Coors of the name, Rocky Mountain Spring Water. This will still bring in the loyal customers to the Coors product. Any true fan on Coors will remember that Coors is made by Rocky Mountain Spring Water. This will also disassociate the product from the alcoholic beverages. The original product was bottled in glass bottles. This could also hinder the sales of the product. The glass bottles are heavy and harder to store. Change the glass bottles into plastic bottles. This will cut down on the price of the product and make it easier to carrier. The next step would be to us media to get the product out to the public. We need to bring more advertisements to television and radio during sporting events. Advertising online can be done in many different ways. There are ways to reach online customer by e-mail or online advertisements. Facebook, Netflix, and a podcasts offer advertisements during interaction with their services. Online magazines and newspapers also offer advertisements while on the websites. Facebook has more than one billion people who us its services monthly. People spend an average of six hours and 35 minutes a month. Because of the way Facebook works it has a 94% targeting accuracy. This is highly effective when trying to reach the target market (Facebook, 2013). Internet radio is a great way to reach people. Internet radio accounts for 23% of the average weekly listening time among consumer between the ages of 13 and 35. 49% of US consumers listen to Internet radio 30 minutes prior to going into a store and the average online listener will listen almost 12 hours a week (Factbrowser, 2013). All these things I have listed will help to increase the public awareness for the product. The more the public is aware of the product, the more attention it will receive. In 2012 9.67 billion gallons of bottled water was consumed in the U.S. That was up from the 9.1 billion gallons that was consumed in 2011. Despite the efforts of some activist people are still turning to bottled water, and it is showing in the marketplace. References Facebook. (2013, Summer). The Power of Facebook Advertising. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/business/power-of-advertising Factbrowser. (2013, Fall). Research discovery engine. Retrieved from http://www.factbrowser.com/tags/radio/?page=2 Molson Coors. (2013, November). MolsonCoors. Retrieved from http://www.molsoncoors.com/en/Index.aspx Natural Resource Defense Council. (2013, July 15). Bottled Water. Retrieved from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/chap2.asp

Aldehyde, Ketone Tests and Preparation of Derivatives

Aldehyde, Ketone Tests and Preparation of Derivatives Results: I. Aldehyde and ketone testes and preparation of derivatives 2,4 DINIROPHENYL HYDRAZINE Observations 2-butanone Solid orange precipitate at bottom Benzaldehyde mp of derivative:217-220 °C dark yellow precipitate forms. BISULFITE ADDITION TEST Acetophenone Cloudy ,off-white solution (no reaction) 2-butanone Clear solution and no colour change(no reaction) Benzaldehyde White precipitation forming after few minutes from clear solution. It appears like white solid crystals. Trans-cinnamaldehyde Thick white yellow particles floating (precipitate) on top and clear solution at bottom. IODOFORM TEST Acetophenone Solution turned to yellow, yellow precipitate form n-butyraldehyde Forms 2 layers: top layer creamy and bottom layer lime yellow(no reaction) 2,4-pentanedione 3 layers: top layer lime yellow, middle layer foggy and bottom layer orange-yellow precipitate. OXIDATION OF ALDENHYDES 2-butanone Orange red colour precipitate turns to green after long time. Takes long time to react. n-butyraldehyde Bottom greenish brown colour precipitate and top layer brown. Precipitate after 1 minute Benzaldehyde Dark greenish brown precipitate and liquid is greenish colour forms immediately after adding CrO3. II. Alcohol tests and preparation of derivatives SODIUM TEST Observations 1-butanol Litmus test pH of 9-10 is observed forms dark blue colour. Bubbles forms after adding sodium in solution. 2 layers are seen which are clear after adding ether. LUCAS TEST 1-butanol 2 layers: top layer light orange and bottom layer clear solution 2-pentanol (sec-amyl alcohol) 2 layers: top layer light clear and bottom is off-white. Observed after 3 minute. 1-propanol Clear solution. Observed after 2 minutes. t-butyl alcohol(2-methyl-2-propanol) Reaction occurs as soon as reagent is added.3 layers: top clear, middle layer off-white and bottom off-white. Observed in 2 seconds. URETHANE DERIVATIVE 1-heptanol Mp: 25-30  °C white crystals forms after cooling, white precipitate III. Solubility tests Solubility In Water Solubility in Cyclohexane methanol Soluble Insoluble Ethanol Soluble Soluble Diethyl ether Insoluble Soluble Cyclohexanol Insoluble Soluble Acetone Soluble Soluble 2-butanone (ethyl-methyl ketone) Insoluble Soluble Cyclohexanone Insoluble Soluble Introduction: Identifying and classifying of the unknown molecules is significant part of organic chemistry. The purpose of this lab is to identify functional groups which are present in alcohol, ether, aldehyde and ketone. This lab helps in gaining knowledge about chemical and physical properties of all this four structures. Distinguish them using function group and solubility tests. In this experiment several test such as physical properties including melting point and index of refraction with literature values to compare. Furthermore, identification can be acquired by crystalline derivative and comparing its derivative melting point with original to find the original carbonyl functional group present. Lucas test is used for determining if alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary. This depends on the substitution reactions in the presence of acid but, the rate at which it reacts depends on the structure of alcohol. Aldehyde and ketone reacts with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form yellow-orang e precipitate but, does not react with alcohol. In addition, iodoform test use to recognize methyl ketone by forming precipitation. In this experiment it is necessary to give all attention to what reaction is being form so that accurate results can be obtained. Discussion: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent helps to identify carbonyl groups associated with ketone and aldehyde. When this reagent is added solid yellow-orange precipitate is observed in benzaldehyde and 2-butanone which indicated positive test. Derivatives of this can also, be use to identify the compound. In the experiment benzaldehyde melting point is 217-220 °C but, original is 237  °C which is close enough (Caroly and David(1999)). This can be due to error caused by taking too much of benzaldehyde to measure its melting point or some impurities in crystals. This test is also called bradys test. + 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine à   2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (precipitate) + 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine à   2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (precipitate) benzaldehyde Nitrogen gets attach to carbonyl group after reagent is added therefore, dehydration in reaction results. 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine does not react with alcohol therefore, it is good reagent for carbonyl group. Sodium bisulfite addition test is only positive with aldehydes and methyl ketones. This reaction does not occur with stearically hindered ketones but, it is best indication for aldehyde. In this experiment no reaction occurred in acetophenone and 2-butonone when bisulfite is added to it. This test is positive when white precipitate is formed which is observed when it is added in benzaldehyde and trans-cinnamaldehyde. + NaHSO3 (sodium bisulfite) à   white precipitate Benzaldehyde Iodoform test is use to distinguish ketones from methyl ketones, when the test is positive it forms iodoform as yellow precipitate. Acetaldehyde and alcohols with hydroxyl group at its second place can also give positive and alcohol can oxidize to methyl ketone with iodoform reaction as I2 is oxidizing agent. It is observed that acetophenone and 2,4-pentanedione both reacts as it form yellow precipitate whereas, n-butyraldehyde did not. As, n-butyraldehyde did not contain methyl group it did not react. On the other hand, acetophenone and 2, 4-pentanedione contains methyl group which helps replace a hydrogen atom next to carbonyl group with iodine further, cleaves the iodinated compound to iodoform and carboxylic acid (yellow precipitation).This classifies them as methyl ketones. NaOH and I2 -à   + iodoform 2, 4-pentanedione Oxidation of aldehyde both n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde reacts and gives greenish precipitation when reacts with chromic reagent. Therefore, positive sign is it gives greenish bluish precipitate which represents that oxidation or reduction has occurred. Aldehydes are oxidized easily due to chromic acid and forms carboxylic acid whereas, ketones. Chromate reagent replaces hydrogen atom and adds oxygen resulting carboxylic acid.2- butanone is not able to react because it is ketone and it lacks hydrogen atom next to carbonyl group. C3H7CHO(n-butyraldehyde ) + CrO3(chromic acid) à   n-butyric acid (benzaldehyde) + CrO3 (chromic acid)à   Benzoic acid When sodium is reacted with 1-butanol hydrogen gas is release because alcohols are weakly acidic so went they react with alkali metal gas is produce. So, when tested with litmus paper solution found to be basic. (l) +Na(s) à   CH3(CH2)3ONa(l) + H-H(g) In lucas test t-butyl alcohol reacted immediately with lucas reagent (HCl and ZnCl2) because it is tertiary alcohol. It forms stable carbocation and forms chlorinated alkane after attracting negative chlorine. Positive test indicates when turbidity due to formation of insoluble alkyl chloride is mark.1- propanol and 1- butanol does not react with lucas reagent but, 2-pentanol reacts very slowly and reaction is observed after long time. So, lucas test helps determine rate and which is tertiary or secondary alcohol. (CH3)3C-OH + ZnCl2/HCl à   H2O + (CH3)3C-Cl Urethane derivative reacts with 1-heptanol which results in phenyl urethane as white precipitate. Phenyl isocynate reacts with alcohol. + à   N-phenyl urethane derivative Melting point of this is 25-30  °C but original is 60 °C (Caroly and David(1999)) there is a lot of difference; this can be due to error performed during experiment. Solubility test concludes that alcohol with less than six carbons are soluble in water, rest of them due to increasing number of carbon it is insoluble in water. In this experiment almost all results were equivalent to expect results. Questions: 1) a. Certain are like hydroquinone, whose tautomer is ketone and it is oxidizable. Uncertain is if there are other things attach to this molecules may be these tests were not able to detect it example cyano or nitro groups. b. Catechol c. IR will identify all other functional groups which were unable to detect by qualitative tests. NMR will give information about isomers example between hydroquinone and catechol. 2) Chromic acid forms a chromate ester that will decompose to carnonyl compound and chromium in a lower oxidation state. C4H9CH(CH3)OH + HO- -> C4H9CH(CH3)O- + H2O C4H9CH(CH3)O- + I-I -> C4H9CH(CH3)OI + I- C4H9CH(CH3)OI + HO- -> C4H9C(CH3)=O + I- + H2O Reference: Carolyn Oconnell and David Dollimore.1999.Determination of melting point using derivative. Instrumentation science and technology. Volume 27 Issue 1. pp.13-21 Experiment 7 Identifying and classifying organic functional groups: alcohols, ethers, aldehyde and ketones

Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature Essay -- Conrad

Joseph Conrad: An Innovator in British Literature      Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Conrad’s innovative literature is influenced by his experiences in traveling to foreign countries around the world. Conrad’s literature consists of the various styles of techniques he uses to display his well-recognized work as British literature. "His prose style, varying from eloquently sensuous to bare and astringent, keeps the reader in constant touch with a mature, truth-seeking, creative mind" (Hutchinson 1). Conrad’s novels are basically based on having both a psychological and sociological plot within them. This is why Conrad’s work carries its own uniqueness from other novels when being compared to his.    Examples of Conrad’s literature include novels such as Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, and The Secret Agent. Heart of Darkness is basically based on his own experiences, but Conrad also adds fiction into this particular novel (Dintenfass 1). It has been said that Conrad’s style of writing is described as "...life as we actually live it...[is] to be blurred and messy and confusing-- and the abstract ideas...[of] actual experiences can sometimes produce in us, or in that part of us, anyway, which tries to understand the world in some rational way." Acquiring this from the novel gives the reader a psychological perspective in that they are receiving feedback in a conscious way such as a hallucination or a phantasm (Dintenfass 2). Readers have curiously questioned the purpose of his novels such as Heart of Darkness, but the answer is quite simple. "[The] purpose is to get the reader to re-live [any] experience in some [significant] and concrete way, with all its complexity and messiness, all its darkness and ambiguity, intact" (Dintenfass 3). An addi... ...n, eds. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 1 Detroit: Hale Research Co., 1978. Dintenfass, Mark. "Heart of Darkness: A Lawrence University Freshman Studies Lecture." 14 Mar. 1996. *http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~csicseri/dintenfass.htm* (2 Feb. 2000). Draper, James P., ed. World Literature Criticism: 1500 to the Present. Vol. 2 Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1992. Hamblin, Stephen. "Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent." *http://www.ductape.net/~steveh/secretagent/* (2 Feb. 2000). The Hutchinson Encyclopedia. 1999. 2 Feb. 1999. *http://ukdb.web.aol.com/hutchinson/encyclopedia/72/M0013572.htm Magill, Frank N., ed. 1,300 Critical Evaluations of Selected Novels and Plays. Vol. 2 Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press Inc., 1976. Stein, Rita, and Martin Tucker, eds. Modern British Literature. Vol. 4 New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1975.

The Quiet American Essay -- essays research papers

Fowler constructs Pyle as a naà ¯ve young man who is an innocent victim of dogmatic and simplistic ideologies. Fowler sees American culture and Democracy as a corrupting influence on an innocent Pyle. This is exhibited th relational processes, where Pyle, as the carrier, is given attributes such as â€Å"innocent†, â€Å"young and ignorant and silly†. This innocence is highlight by contrasting it with the attribute of â€Å"the whole pack of them†, Fowlers serotypes of Americans. Pyle’s corruption is seen in the single instance of his operating as a goal, where â€Å"they† are processed as having â€Å"killed† him. This construction of Pyle as corrupted by his environment is further solidified in Pyle’s role in material processes. The conceptual goal, which Pyle is acting upon â€Å"the east†, is processed in service o...

Circularity and Stability :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Circularity and Stability William Alston argues that there is no way to show that any of our basic sources of belief is reliable without falling into epistemic circularity, i.e. relying at some point on premises that are themselves derived from the very same source. His appeal to practical rationality is an attempt to evaluate our sources of belief without relying on beliefs that are based on the sources under scrutiny and thus without just presupposing their reliability. I argue that this attempt fails and that Ernest Sosa’s appeal to the coherence theory of justification fails, too, if it is understood as an attempt to find a similar external evaluation of our sources of belief that does not just assume their reliability. I concluded that there is no alternative to taking an internal view to our own reliability and embracing epistemic circularity. Why suppose that any of the bases on which we regularly and unquestionably form beliefs are reliable? Why suppose that sense perception, in particular, is a reliable source of information of the physical environment? These are questions that William Alston raises in his recent books Perceiving God (1991) and The Reliability of Sense Perception (1993). He argues that there is no way to show that any of our basic sources of belief is reliable without falling into epistemic circularity. There is no way to show that such a source is reliable without relying at some point or another on premises that are themselves derived from that source. So we cannot have any non-circular reasons for supposing that the sources on which we base our beliefs are reliable. Alston thinks, however, that there is a way of evaluating the reliability of our sources of belief that is independent of the beliefs based on those sources and that does not therefore fall into circularity. I will argue that Alston's attempt to find such an external support for our sources of beliefs fails. I will also consider Ernest Sosa's (1994, 1995) most recent attempt to deal with the problem and argue that if it is understood as a related attempt to find an external standpoint from which to evaluate our sources of belief, it fails, too. I will conclude that there is no alternative to a purely internal approach in which we evaluate our sources of beliefs in terms of the beliefs that derive from the very same sources and thus to embracing epistemic circularity.

Impact of Standardized Testing Essay

There is a vast literature available concerning African American male student accomplishment and its relation to the accomplishment gap occurrence (Perry, Stelle, & Hilliard, 2003; Thernstrom & Thernstrom, 2003; Hrabrowksi, 1998; Ogbu, 1998; Patterson, 2006; Polite & Davis, 2001; Duncan, 1999; Freeman, 1999). Researchers and media channels explain the causes of African Americans continuously staying behind their White partners. Several provide limited allegations concerning African American male student accomplishment from either a past, sociological, or monetary view when deciding school achievement or failure. On the contrary, sufficient notice has not been granted to experiential and mixed methodological styles for assisting in advancing the debate concerning the provision of efficient resolutions toward narrowing the achievement gap that exists between African American male learners and counteracting deficit-model styles. In â€Å"Educating African American Males: Voices from the Fields†, the author Fashola (2008) and some other important academician researchers tackle this matter. The book is segmented in eight chapters, locating itself in many thematic areas that include social, ethnic, and past matters; school reform; primary, middle and high school experiences; structural analysis of manliness; institutional types of prejudice; and extra-curricular activities which assist in the promotion of affirmative self-confidence and analytical skills for African American males. Altogether, the providers enunciate the requirement of novel styles by demanding the educational commune to shift beyond conventional means of accomplishment and to comprehend the importance of social, past, ethnic, behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and educational styles that add to the broadening of the achievement gap between African American males and their white partners. Cooper and Jordan (2003) tackle the issues of African American male student achievement and they do this by locating and investigating the past as well as the methodical impacts of prejudice and also by displaying the way institutionalized domination have a part to play in the broadening of the achievement gap. The authors assess the elements such as uncontrolled unemployment, poverty, and insufficient accessibility to health care as the possible elements of African American males not being franchised in the circumstance of school and community. The authors imply that an â€Å"intergenerational poverty† (p. 2) exists which disseminates a self-fulfilling prediction for several of African American males. Ogbu’s (1998) research allows for the contextualizing of such past injustices. It is implied that â€Å"the treatment of minorities in the wider society is reflected in their treatment in education† (p. 159). In his book Noguera (2003) assists in the contextualizing of few of the practical attitudes which are required for the comprehension of certain of the behavioral trends of African American males which have an impact on them in school. The author offers information and research which record the way they were marginalized and wronged by the schooling experiences in the capitalist educational frameworks. Text offers a qualitative study which looks for determining the part that educators have in the motivation of students; teachers can utilize this information to reassess and modify their educational and instructional practices and also to fulfill the requirements of African American males and at the same time provide with suitable scaffolding so as to assist the learners in meeting the academic standards. Along with this, Noguera also debates that the learners are to be taught and habituated so as to see that the academic institutions are advantageous to them and also that the anticipations for them are high. Noguera writes about the schooling experiences of African American males by assessing their accomplishment trends in public schools and tackling with their consequent detachment. He writes that Black males underperform on standardized tests and that they undergo much higher drop-out rates. Although Black males achieve much and their performance is good in the primary grades, they tend to underperform by the age of nine (Garibaldi, 1992). His recommendation is that the educators should be placing literary and language enrichment at the head of their instructional concerns. This is particularly important during their primary school times; supplementing with the talents allows for African American males to become self-sufficient, analytical thinking is principal for their general intellectual achievement or failure. Development of Problem An operational attitude to the tradition of schooling also offers a valuable contextual structure for the investigation of student â€Å"oppositionality† and â€Å"resistance† (Ogbu, 1998) as minor traditional features displayed by particular minority learners in reaction to their communal marginalization. The idea of identity and the way it is written either by a person or the community is made pertinent by the reactions of these marginalized learners and is a vital part of a sufficient hypothetical viewpoint on tradition. The academic achievement gap which is present between African American and White learners is a very urgent contest for the urban education in the United States in the present times. Generally, the rank and academic achievement of minority groups in science have been issues of concern in various areas (National Science Foundation, 1994; Atwater, 2000). In a wide-ranging assessment of the issues, Jencks and Phillips (1998) suggest that there should be an application of methodical and preserved research attempts targeted at investigating the causes for the low performance of particular minority groups. When discussing the achievement gap and displaying it as a challenge for the urban education, there has to be an emphasis placed on certain aspects of the urban schools which are responsible for the existent gap. In the United States, the fact that the majority of the Black students study in urban or inner city institutions is correct, and on the other hand White students normally study at suburban schools. It is possible that this factor is responsible for the achievement gap between the Blacks and the Whites and it provides with an urban/suburban aspect. Urban academic institutions are also different from the suburban ones in the accessibility of the study material and commune sources. Even though the fact that the suburban schools normally have much better sources in contrast to the urban schools is true, an exploration can be made in whether the resources that are accessible for the urban schools are utilized most advantageously so as to improve the student involvement and intellectual accomplishment. Even though standardized testing traditionally has been slackly connected to responsibility and student education, the association had been weak. The association between student education and high-stakes standardized testing became more distinct, and a rise in the utilization of the tests has reached classic magnitude following the introduction of the No Child Left Behind. The argument behind such a connection is that raised pressure to perform well on standardized tests, and also a series of incentives and penalties, will raise the student education and accomplishment. Impacts of such testing standards have broad results, not just on the current generation but also on the next generations of youth. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to assess the impact that standardized testing has on African American male students. The study aims to display the issues connected with the impact of standardized testing on African American males. African American males face discrimination and due to that they do not perform as they should in their academics. Innumerable researches have been conducted to examine African American youths’ academic results. There is relative concentration with a stress on the achievement gap between African American youths generally and also that of other ethnic categories, like the Europeans and Asian Americans. Several conceptual structures have been offered which propose the achievement gap in educational results is the outcome of societal-level discrimination which afflicts African Americans (for example, Fordham & Ogbu, 1986; Ogbu, 1987, 1994; Steele, 1997). In reality, several of the studies record the negative impacts of such macro system-level elements on the encouragement and intellectual accomplishment of African American learners (Howard & Hammond, 1985; Ponterotto & Pedersen, 1993; Steele & Aronson, 1995). Nature of the Study Social research can be deductive or inductive and each is applied according to the research type. Deductive approach refers to particular information that has been gained from a general theory. Through the theory the researcher gets the foresights concerning the happening. Deductive research is termed as theory testing. In the case when a research initiates with a theory and is following the hypotheses that the researcher has set to test, the approach is deductive. Deductive reasoning sets to work moving from the more universal to the more precise. Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general. Observations are used for inductive approaches. Inductive reasoning moves from the more specific to a broader generalization and theory. In this case there is quite some uncertainty involved and the conclusions are based on theories.

Substance Abuse And Addiction Health And Social Care Essay

Tens of 1000000s of Ameri mints use addictive meanss. Twenty-five million abide a autobiography of intoxi open firet dependance and oft than than five million qualify as difficult nucleus chronic dose users ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . The alterations in the genius make it difficult for tribe to plosive mistreating medicates. search shows that union dependency discourse medicines with behavioural therapy is the top hat manner to guarantee achievement for almost long-sufferings ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . treatment is tailored to the patient s vilification or dependance ponder and most(prenominal) other line of businesss they may remove medically, socially, or mentally.Statement of businessThe profession of signification vilification and dependance is a turning transmission line. Prevention is the key to do program line and spunky this job. Intervention, p bental make, and the media house all adjoin a item-by-item and their job. fondness habituation occurs when after substantial icon, users find themselves prose blowing in neurotic, repeated, and unwanted use of goods and services condescension cl primordial harmful effects, and often despite a strong propensity to discontinue unconditionally ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . Peoples in the joined States cook washed-out all over $ cl billion on baccy merchandises, strong drinks, cocaine, diacetylmorphine, marihuana, and Methedrines ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . Social costs much(prenominal) as health attention, non-productivity, and come toense sum more than $ 300 billion per twelvemonth ( Bernhein and Rangel, 2004 ) . medicines ar chemicals that tap into the mind s communicating system and interrupt the manner nervus cells usually send, gain, and surgical procedure tuition ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . The drugs push aside direct incorrect hearts to the encephalon by directing big sums of Dopastat into the system. By over-stimulat ing the system, the euphoric consequence sets a various(prenominal) to reiterate the behaviour of mistreating drugs ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Through unvaried economic consumption, the euphoric consequence wears off and the soulistic must go on fetching the drug, and perchance more of the drug, in graze to capture that experiencing once more. Brain imagination surveies of dependent persons shows alterations in countries of the encephalon that atomic number 18 critical to judgement, determination devi m surfaceh, acquisition, memory, and behavior control. These alterations knife thrust an maltreater to seek out and consider drugs obsessively despite inauspicious effects to go habituate to drugs ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . drug habituation is preventable. NIDA funded query show that bar plans that move the mob, schools, communities, and the media be effectual in cut hatfuling totality revilement. Although umteen events and ethnic f cultivateors require affectionateness revilement tendencies, when new(a) persons perceive content misuse as harmful, they cut down their drug pickings. It is controlling that in order to service the green person and the general populace to discover the hazard of subject matter abuse and for instructors, parents, and health care professionals to maintain directing the mess geezerhood that drug colony tooshie be prevented if a one-on-one neer roasts drugs ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . password ve acquireable marrow dependance is a chronic, a great deal set worsing encephalon illness that causes compulsive drug seeking and utilize despite harmful effects to the person that is attached and to those around them. It is a encephalon disease because the ill-usage of drugs bed take to alterations in the aspect and map of the encephalon ( MedicineNet.com, 2008 ) . Substance insult involves the perennial and inordinate drill of chemical summations to accomplish a authoritative(preno minal) consequence ( Segal and Cutter, 2009 ) . Substance habituation and maltreatment compels a someone to go preoccupied with obtaining and utilizing drugs despite the many inauspicious wellness and life jobs ( The field of study make on medicine Abuse, 2009 ) .The interrogation indicates great deal mistreat drugs because they think they feel better on drugs. It is as well stated in question they take drugs in order to line up by with the many troubles they may be confronting in their life. do drugss exert their effects mostly on the motive and pleasance tracts of the encephalon ( The internal make on dose Abuse, 2009 ) . do drugss affect the encephalon chemicals because the chemical construction of the drugs is similar to encephalon chemicals or neurotransmitters ( The issue comprise on medicine Abuse, 2009 ) . similarity in construction allows them to be recognise by nerve cells and to change commonplace encephalon messages ( The subject champaign I nstitute on do drugs Abuse, 2009 ) . dependency is a developmental disease which normally beings in adolescence ( The issue Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Sixty-seven per centum of adolescence volition experiment with marihuana for the first sentence in the midst of the ages of 12 and 17 ( The subject area Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Prevention would rent to get down at an early age in order to impediment substance maltreatment before it starts.Causes on that point is no conclusive grounds wherefore person tin go given up to a substance and another item-by-itemist does non. In dependence there is a force which creates an inability to acquire control of a state of affairs. If a various(prenominal) is in hurting, they may take a hurting pill. Once the hurting subsides any little feeling of hurting and the individual will take another pill. The individual creates use to the feeling that the pill is expectant them relief irrespective of how terrible or non t he hurting still is. This is when lot abuse prescribed medicines, nonprescription medicines or extralegal pills. Substance maltreatment locoweed alike be a trigger when a individual is experiencing down or lonely. winning a pill usher out see control that feeling. at that place are other triggers which can do dependence househ doddery autobiography, history of mental unwellness, untreated material hurting, and friction match force per unit orbital cavity ( Segal and Cutter, 2009 ) .Vulnerability is a merchandise of the fundamental fundamental interaction of a individual s biological science, cistrons, surroundings, and age ( The content Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Studies show that a recollective with environment, emphasis, and equal influence, transmissible sciences attribute anyplace from 40 % to 60 % per centum toward sensitivity to dependence. Environmental factors overly grant to a individual s drift to take drugs. Factors such(prenominal) as a history of corporal or familiar maltreatment, witnessing a violent act, or express all influence the individual s pick ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) .Gender besides affects substance maltreatment and dependence. Abuse and dependence can impact a anthropoid otherwise from a female. Research on grownup substance maltreaters has revealed a figure of societal and psychological digressions betwixt males and females that have of import deductions for discussion ( Toray, Coughlin, Vuchinich and Patricelli, 1991 ) . A work was do on 930 male and female striplings who were in preventive for substance maltreatment. They were analyzed to recognise the difference between the versed activitys ( Toray et. Al, 1991 ) .While category and ethnicity influence the logical thinking behind junior substance maltreatment, small explore has been done to understand how gender affects maltreatment and dependence. Research showed that gender differences may be in psychosocial fac tors such as depression and maternal and equal influences which determine substance system forms ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Men are more potential to seek interjection so heavy(p) females are. The survey showed that 20 % of all clients in publically funded handling services were braggy females ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . Because of societal stigma, adult females seem to be slight unfastened about their jobs. feminine substance maltreaters tend to self-medicate to acquire off from emotional hurting ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . There are great differences in the figure of males and females who receive treatment. Females study higher rank of self-destruction, depression, and tangible and cozy maltreatment so males do. Because of these differences, the success of intervention can be less successful for females ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) .Data was collected from 1981 by means of 1988 from 930 striplings. Of these striplings, 90 % were from in-between category signs and 10 % were f rom lower and upper category househ previous(a)s. The age span was 16 old ages old for males and 15 old ages old for female. The striplings were mainly of white beginning ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . The intent of this research was to garner information about the newborn person s drug history and household history and to profile the materialization person sing their drug function. The convocation was asked the particulars of their drug practice what they use and how much. They were minded(p) a psychological profile sing depression, self-destruction efforts, physical and/or sexual maltreatment. They besides were asked about their parent s history of drug usage and whether they utilize drugs, intoxicant, or both ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) .The major differences implant between males and females were in suicide efforts, physical and/or sexual maltreatment and household drug history with female rates significantly higher so male rates ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . The female substance m altreater may be confronted with psychological, household, and cultural barriers in recovery non found by males ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . recovery is a long and difficult procedure and may be more to a great extent for a female because resources available to females wish sensitiveness to a figure of issues she may be confronting such as branding and sexual victimization ( Toray, et Al, 1991 ) . It is critical that a female receive the appropriate weather both during and after intervention. lucidPeoples have many grounds for extending inclined to substances. They powerfulness believe ingestion of the addictive good is non every bit harmful, that persons take subjective beliefs refering this injury, and that beliefs are optimally updated information gained through ingestion ( Orphanides and Zervos, 1995 ) . Parents, advocate, and equals can pay heed a individual get through this tough stage of their life. There is intervention out at that place where the dependence c an be controlled and non take over person s life.Peoples s dependences are non nevertheless to substances but to other things such as work, eating, and faith. judicious Choice supposition can explicate a diversity of habit-forming behaviours. The intent derives conditions that determine whether unfaltering province ingestion degrees are equivocal or stable. Unstable steady provinces are important to the apprehension of rational dependence ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . The variables determine whether a individual can go habituated to a certain good and the effects that it causes. Consumption of a substance will demo how a individual responds to alterations sing the substance. It besides shows how a individual responds to stressful things that are go oning in their life and if it increases the demand for the substance ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . The Rational Choice Theory implies that traveling cold Meleagris gallopavo is used to haul strong dependences, that nuts fre quently go on orgies, that addicts respond more to durable than to impermanent alterations in monetary determine of habit-forming goods, and that anxiousness and tensenesss can overhasty and dependence ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . A individual decides to cheque his dependence if events lower either his demand for the habit-forming good sufficiently or his stock of ingestion capital sufficiently ( Becker and Murphy, 1988 ) . There ask to be an interaction between the individual and the good in order for the individual to halt the dependence. Rational individuals end stronger dependences more quickly than weaker 1s can.Media, Parents, and allysThe linked States Office of National Drug controller Policy late launched a media unfreeze intended to cut down penal drug usage by the two-year-old Americans ( Lu, Zanutto, Hornik and Rosenbaum, 2001 ) . This survey was done with 521 teens and it compared teens that had been exposed to the media disappear and those that were non . The research was done based on three inquiries ( 1 ) In new-made months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug commercials on television system or heard them on the radiocommunication? ( 2 ) In recent months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug ads in news topics or magazines? ( 3 ) In recent months, how frequently have you seen anti-drug ads in film theatres or on pictures? ( Lu, et Al, 2001 ) . Older kids reported less exposure to the media run than the younger kids, but gender and race showed small or no consanguinity to exposure ( Lu, et Al, 2001 ) .Social larning theory sing emphasis and header were integrated to organize a ground for callow drug usage from informations obtained from 343 young persons. maternal rejection, aberrant equals, and low self-pride change magnitude the stripling s chance of drug usage. Findingss suggest that intervention should include case-by-case guidance and household therapy with an accent on rearing patterns ( Simons and Roberts on, 1989 ) . This survey was done in a Midwestern metropolis with a population of 250,000. The stripling s interviewed were between the ages of 13 to 17 old ages. They correct a two-hour interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire focused on demographic information, household state of affairs, peer relationships, psychological wellbeing, delinquent behaviour, and drug/ inebriant usage ( Simon and Robertson, 1989 ) . 189 were male and 154 were female. They came from all diverse walks of life.Consequences found that substance maltreatment among young persons was associated with weak bonds to household and strong bonds to a aberrant equal stem ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . agnate rejection increased the usage of substance maltreatment amongst young person. Rejected kids tended to mistrust and set apart malevolent motivations to others, with the consequence being a defensive, if non aggressive, attack to equals interactions ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . Parental reject ion is positively associate and self-esteem negatively related to avoidant get bying. There was no important coefficient between either parent s absorb form and avoidant header and parental rejection and pugnacity are positively associated with engagement in a aberrant equal base ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) .Prevention and TreatmentGeting the message out sing substance maltreatment and dependence being harmful demands to get down at an early age. Most people become wedded can non halt without aid. In the addicted encephalon, the control lap covering becomes impaired because of drug usage and loses much of its repressive power over the circuits that accept retorts to stimuli deemed salient ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Substance maltreatment intervention needs to handle the whole individual non merely the substance job. Behavior therapy can interpolate a individual s military strength and behaviour as it relates to the substance maltreatment. There are medicines that a individual can take to handle the symptoms. Peoples that want to halt pickings can take a medical specialty that will function control their desire to towards their dependence.Since substance maltreatment is really complex, there are many unalike types of intervention. Substance maltreatment intervention includes detoxification, direction of drug dependance, and bar of retrogression ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . Treatment plans are varied and multifaceted. Treatment falls into two classs drugs that affect physiological procedures and therapies that aim to modify behaviour ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . prescription medicines can supply a advantage drug for the existent drug and obstruction the physiological effects of the abused drug. They can besides assist the effects of backdown. Therapy and guidance can assist to alter a individual s behaviour. Peer deport self-help groups modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, behavioural teach to change one s response to drug stimulations, accomplishment development, or long term intervention in a closed residential scene stressing substance abstention and acquisition of new attitudes and behaviour ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) , are all apart of acquiring effectual intervention. A loving, fostering relationship with household has shown to be an of import mountain though which a individual can larn to care, to give, and to compromise in relationships with others ( Simons and Robertson, 1989 ) . backslidePeoples do non acquire cured when they go through intervention. Peoples become scavenge and sober. Substance maltreatment requires womb-to-tomb intervention. Peoples need to be able to acquire where they can comforter off their recovery and recover their lives ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . If a individual relapses, it needs to function as a trigger that a different intervention or treatment demands to be used. The added resist of a group, reding, household, and friends can assist a individual get through intervention. The odds of staying abstentious rise if a patient has been abstinent for one to three old ages. After three old ages, the recovery odds remain high and stable. colony requires an on-going and active disease direction scheme ( The National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . slip is common and frequently repeated interventions are required. Successful intervention relies in plowshare on how much clip is spent in a intervention plan. Those who remain in a plan for at least a twelvemonth are less likely to return to their substance maltreatment or dependence ( The National Institute on Drug Addiction, 1996 ) . Opportunities of slip are influenced by the same biological, psychological, behavioural, societal, and environmental factors that they originally faced. The longer person abstains from substance maltreatment, the better the opportunity of them remaining clean and so ber in the hereafter ( The National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996 ) . closeThis paper covers substance maltreatment and dependence and its affects. The research was based on intercession and bar and the influences around a individual including the media, parents, and equals. This subject was chosen because of the turning job with substance maltreatment and dependence in the fall in States. Merely in my townspeople entirely, there are changeless reminders day-after-day of the job and how it affects the town, the schools, and the individual s household. The paper was developed around why and how a individual abuses or becomes dependence to a substance. The paper besides discusses the different research done sing substance maltreatment and dependence particularly refering striplings. The paper besides discusses the bar of substance maltreatment and dependence and those around them that can assist such as household, friends, and stand up groups. yet though there are drugs which can a ssist a individual, there still is the job of going addicted. Because so many people have a substance maltreatment and dependence, dependence still remains a job in the United States. causal agencys for dependence and maltreatment are eternal. Without the aid and support of household, friends, and intervention, the dependence will go on. Even with support, people may decline it. The addicted individual demands to desire to halt their dependence.Annotated BibliographyBecker, G.S. , and Murphy, K.M. ( 1988 ) . A theory of rational dependence. The journal of political Economy, Vol. 96, no 4, pp. 675-700. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext carry communications protocol //www.jstor.org/stable.1830469.pdfThis condition discusses how a individual rationalizes their substance maltreatment or dependence and what they future may keep for them.Bernheim, B.D. , and Rangel, A. ( 2004 ) . Addiction and cue-triggered determination procedures. The Amer ican Economic Review, Vol. 94, no(prenominal) 5 pp. 1558-1590. American Economic Association. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transmit protocol //www.jstor.org/stable/3592834.pdfThis condition discusses why users find themselves prosecuting in usage even if they baron desire to halt. The user knows the effects of what they are making and might desire to halt but can non. It besides discusses the specie that is spent on substance maltreatment in the United States. It besides dialog about forms of habit-forming behaviour.Lu, B. , Zanutto, E. , Homik, R. , and Rosenbaum, P.R. ( 2001 ) . Matching with doses in an experimental survey of a media run against drug maltreatment. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 96, No. 456 pp. 1245- 1253. American Statistical Association. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext designate protocol //www.jstor.org/stable/3085887.pdfThis phrase discusses how the media might act upon habit-forming behaviour and how the media could be used in a positive manner.MedicineNet, Inc. ( 2008 ) . Drug maltreatment and dependence. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=25825This article discusses what drug dependence is and why some people might go addicted and some do non. Factors include biological science, environment, and development.Orphanides, A. , and Zervos, D. ( 1995 ) . Rational dependence with acquisition and sorrow. The Journal of semipolitical Economy, Vol. 103, No. 4 pp. 739-758. The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.jstor.org/stable/2138580.pdfThis article discusses how people did non believe that they could go addicted and how they regret their past determinations.Saisan, J. , Segal, J. , and Cutter, D. , ( 2009 ) . Drug maltreatment and dependence. Signs, symptoms, and assist for drug jobs. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //helpguide.org/mental/drug_substance_abuse_ habituation_signs_effects_treatmentThis article discusses what to require for in a individual that you might believe has a substance maltreatment or dependence job. It discusses the causes of the maltreatment and the different types of maltreatment.St. simons, R.L. , and Robertson, J.F. ( 1989 ) . The impact of rearing factors, aberrant equals, and get bying manner upon adolescent drug usage. Family Relations, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 273-281. National Council on Family Relations. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.jstor.org/stable/585052.pdfThis article deals with research on stripling substance usage and maltreatment. This information was obtained from research done on 343 young persons. The research dealt with parental interaction, their equals, and how the young persons felt about themselves.The National Institute on Drug Abuse ( 1996 ) . Drug usage. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer pr otocol //www.hq.nasa.gov/ federal agency/ospp/securityguide/Eap/Drugs.htmThis article discusses the difference between drug usage, maltreatment, and dependance. It talks about drug dangers and their badness. It besides discusses the drug maltreatment intervention.The National Institute on Drug Abuse, ( 2008 ) . NIDA for teens Facts on drugs anabolic steroids. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.teens.drugabuse.gov/facts/facts_ster1.phpThis article talks about steroid usage among jocks, how they are used, and the effects of the drug. It besides discusses the cuckold of usage among teens.The National Institute on Drug Abuse, ( 2009 ) . Addiction scientific mark off From molecules to pull off attention. National Institute of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on January 8, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching6/Teaching1.htmlThis is a series of articles that discusses everything f rom wellness effects to the money spent of drugs. It touches on HIV/AIDS. It discusses what happens to the encephalon when a individual is on drugs. It talks about how and why people become addicted to drugs. It discusses what factors affect the interaction of drugs and how the environment affects the use. It besides touches on intervention and what can be done in the vitrine of a backsliding.Toray, T. , Coughlin, C. , Vuchinich, S. , and Patricelli, P. ( 1991 ) . Gender differences associated with adolescent substance maltreatment Comparisions and deductions for intervention. Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 338-344. National Council of Family Relations. Retrieved on January 9, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.jstor.org/stable/585021.pdfThis was research done on a group of 930 striplings, both male and female, who were in intervention for drug maltreatment. This research shows how substance maltreatment and dependence affects the male and female otherwise. It takes into affect the history of physical and or sexual maltreatment and household history of substance maltreatment.I. Introductiona. Substance maltreatment and dependenceB. Problem instantly among peoplec. causation of dependenceII. Statement of Problema. applicable large job in today s societyB. Way to understand jobc. What causes people to go addicted?d. Why does it impact some and non others?e. ar at that place vestigial jobs to the maltreatment?f. Are at that place underlying jobs to the dependence?g. How does it impact those around them?III. bantera. Substance maltreatmentB. Substance dependencec. Social deductionsd. Parental engagemente. Peer engagementIV. Causesa. What causes the maltreatment and dependenceB. Statisticssc. Family historyd. Peer force per unit areaV. Rational behind abuse/addictiona. It s all right, I can discontinue anytimeb. I am non aching anyonec. It does non be that muchVI. Media influence mental picture to anti drug messagesHelping the causeVII. Prev entiona. ParentsB. Peersc. Programsd. RehabilitationVIII.. Relapsea. Reasonb. AbstinenceVIIII. Decisiona. Reason for dependence and/or maltreatmentB. Affects of interventionc. Problem today in the United States brooding Narrative